Hypertension: Advances in Pathophysiology, Precision Medicine, and Digital Health Innovations

Resumen

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic predisposition, neurohormonal imbalances, endothelial dysfunction, and lifestyle factors. Despite the availability of effective pharmacological treatments, hypertension management remains a challenge due to issues related to treatment adherence, therapy resistance, and delayed diagnosis. Recent advancements in hypertension research have introduced precision medicine approaches, where genetic profiling aids in the selection of personalized antihypertensive therapies. Additionally, telemedicine and digital health innovations, including remote blood pressure monitoring and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted decision-making, have improved early diagnosis and treatment adherence. Emerging pharmacological targets such as endothelin receptor antagonists, vasodilatory peptides, and inflammatory mediators offer promising alternatives for drug-resistant hypertension. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of hypertension pathophysiology, therapeutic advancements, and integrative management strategies, highlighting the future role of AI, genomics, and telemedicine in revolutionizing hypertension care. By combining pharmacological, lifestyle, and digital health interventions, hypertension management can become more effective, ultimately reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases.